The clinical practice guidelines for heart failure diagnosis and treatment: National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand

A 12-lead ECG is recommended in patients with suspected or new diagnosis of heart failure to assess cardiac rhythm, QRS duration, and underlying conditions such as myocardial ischemia or LV hypertrophy.

A chest radiograph is recommended in patients with suspected or new diagnosis of heart failure to help identify pulmonary congestion and alternative cardiac or noncardiac causes of symptoms.

Transthoracic echocardiography should be considered in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) 3 to 6 months after the start of optimal medical therapy or if there has been a change in clinical status, to assess appropriateness of other treatments such as device therapy (eg, implantable cardioverter defibrillator [ICD] or cardiac resynchronization therapy [CRT]).

Invasive coronary angiography should be considered in patients with heart failure associated with refractory angina, resuscitated cardiac arrest, sustained ventricular arrhythmias, or evidence of ischemic heart disease to determine the need for coronary revascularization.

Monitoring of peripheral arterial oxygen saturation is recommended in patients with acute heart failure.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are recommended in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with cardiovascular disease and insufficient glycemic control despite metformin.