Iron is essential for life, but it is extremely labile in certain forms and, as a result, can be highly reactive and toxic. Iron can be found in two different redox states: the ferrous state (Fe2+) and the ferric state (Fe3+). This leads to Fenton reaction and Haber-Weiss reaction and forms the hydroxyl and superoxide radical which causes the cellular damages through lipid peroxidation. Deferoxamine, an iron chelating agent, was found to prevent venom-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in mice. The iron chelation therapy reduced inflammatory parameters, oxidative damages and reduced fibrosis. Venom-induced toxicity was also reduced.

Carnosine also showed promising result in preventing Russell’s viper venom-induced fibrotic changes in kidney in mice model by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory property.