• Pregnancy and lactation are physiological processes that have significant implications for calcium and vitamin D metabolism.
• The deficiency of calcium and vitamin D is associated with abnormal outcomes in both the fetus and the mother.
• There is an increased risk of pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and increased rates of low-segment cesarean section (LSCS) in the mother.
• There are increased risks of reduced neonatal bone density, intrauterine growth retardation, neonatal hypocalcemic seizures and impaired postnatal growth in the fetus.
• Traditionally recommended doses of vitamin D have limited benefits for the mother and baby.

1-2 g of total calcium intake (diet and supplements) is recommended during pregnancy and lactation. 2000 units of vitamin D is recommended during pregnancy and lactation. The newborn should additionally receive 400 IU of vitamin D for the first year.