The goal of a new study published in the European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology was to explore the results of cervical screening in adult women with cystic fibrosis (CF), and to report the prevalence of abnormal pap smear tests in this population. This retrospective study analyzed medical records of sexually active women with CF who attended a gynecological consultation in Lyon University CF referral center, between June 2014 and December 2015. Here, 32 non-transplanted and 15 transplanted women, with a median age of 28 years, were included. It was observed that 20 women presented an abnormality (inflammatory cervix, cervical or vulvovaginal condyloma). While, an abnormal pap smear was found in 8 non-transplanted women and in 5 transplanted women, with no significant difference between the two groups: seven atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance; five low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL); and one atypical glandular cells (AGC). In addition, 6 (four non-transplanted, and two transplanted) women had an histologically proven dysplasia – four Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)1, one CIN2, and one endocervical adenocarcinoma, in situ. Furthermore, 10 women had a Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) related disease (cervical and/or vulvovaginal). Hence, it was concluded that a high proportion of transplanted and non-transplanted women with CF had abnormal pap smear tests and cervical dysplasia. Therefore, it was stated that a regular gynecological follow-up, periodic cervical screening, and routine HPV vaccination are strongly recommended in this population.