Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) are acute metabolic complications of diabetes mellitus evident in patients with both type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. DKA and HHS can be effectively dissolved by timely diagnosis, comprehensive clinical and biochemical evaluation, and effective management. Coordinating fluid resuscitation, insulin therapy, and electrolyte replacement combined with continuous patient monitoring employing available laboratory tools for predicting the resolution of the hyperglycemic crisis is crucial for managing the hyperglycemic crises’. 

Understanding and prompt awareness of potential special situations like DKA or HHS presentation in the comatose state, possibility of mixed acid-base disorders hazing the diagnosis of DKA, and risk of brain edema during therapy is crucial to reduce the risks of complications without affecting recovery from the hyperglycemic crisis. Recognizing factors that precipitate DKA or HHS during the index hospitalization will help prevent a subsequent episode of hyperglycemic crisis. 

Source: Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279052/