The skin microbiome is proved to be essentially involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). In AD patients the skin shows microbial dysbiosis, with a decline in microbial diversity and an increase in pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). 

Recent evidence has suggested the importance of setting a proper immune response to microbes in early life and has also explained the new mechanisms of microbial community dynamics in modulating the skin microbiome. 

Several microbes, including S. aureus and Malassezia, are associated with AD pathogenesis. The complex associations between microbes within the skin microbiome consortia possess diverse species, like Staphylococcal, Roseomonas and Cutibacterium strains, that can inhibit S. aureus and are probable probiotics for skin with AD. 

Evidence also indicates the ability of numerous microbes to modulate host response via communication with keratinocytes, specialized immune cells and adipocytes, that aid in boosting skin health and barrier function. This expanded learning of skin microbiota bioactive has assisted new biotherapeutic approaches that target the skin surface microenvironment for AD treatment.

Source: Koh LF, Ong RY, Common JE. Skin microbiome of atopic dermatitis. Allergology International. 2022;71(1): 31-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2021.11.001.