Several studies have shown that infection with SARS-CoV-2 can cause brain alterations and neurocognitive dysfunction, particularly in long-term COVID-19 syndrome, but the underlying mechanisms are elusive. A new study has revealed that SARS-COV-2 infects brain cells called astrocytes, causing structural changes in the brain. In the study, the researchers analyzed the brain samples of 26 people who had died of COVID-19. They found that samples from five of these 26 individuals exhibited tissue damage. 

Further analysis of damaged brain samples revealed that astrocytes, which are brain cells that sustain neuronal metabolism, were particularly likely to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 that entered the cell through the NRP1 receptor. Once infected, astrocytes showed an altered level of metabolites used to fuel neurons and neurotransmitter production. Also, it was seen that the infected cells secreted neurotoxic molecules.

In the study, it was found that the astrocytes are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection through a noncanonical mechanism that alters the levels of metabolites used to fuel neurons and support neurotransmitter synthesis. Although clinical evidence has confirmed the association between neuropsychiatric manifestations and severe COVID-19 infection, long-term neuropsychiatric dysfunction has been frequently observed after mild infection. Therefore, this study has highlighted the impact of COVID-19 on the cerebral region, ranging from long-term alterations in mildly infected individuals (orbitofrontal cortical atrophy, neurocognitive impairment, excessive fatigue, and anxiety symptoms) to severe acute damage in individuals who died of COVID-19. 

(Source: https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/health/covid19-damages-the-brain-cells-here-s-what-a-new-study-found-out-101660290203897.html )