1. Identify High-Risk Populations

·         Pay special attention to adults aged 75 and above and those experiencing undernutrition.

2.      Screen routinely

·         Incorporate bone and muscle health assessments into routine geriatric evaluations in both primary and secondary care settings.

·         Early identification allows timely and effective intervention, preventing complications and fracture risks.

3.      Proper Nutrition

·         Ensure adequate protein intake, especially in combination with resistance training, to improve muscle mass and strength.

·         Incorporate key nutrients such as Protein, Vitamin D, Antioxidants, Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), β-hydroxy β-methyl butyric acid (HMB), and Specific amino acids for muscle function support.

·         Offer individualized dietary recommendations tailored to age, comorbidities, and nutritional status before prescribing supplements.

4.      Physical Activity

·         Encourage resistance training to stimulate muscle hypertrophy, mitigate muscle wasting, and enhance muscle strength.

·         Promote an active lifestyle to counteract age-related muscle decline.

·         Integrate gait and balance improvement strategies to reduce fall risk.

5.      Pharmacological Interventions

·         Use anti-osteoporotic agents (e.g., bisphosphonates, denosumab) to increase bone mass and reduce fracture risk. It can be combined with calcium + vitamin D supplementation.

·         In those intolerant to bone-sparing agents, ensure calcium + vitamin D supplementation.

·         Choose appropriate cases for using pharmacological strategies like myostatin inhibitors, testosterone, and selective androgen receptor modulators   (SARMs).  

Source: Jeffry EP, Seikka CS. A Comprehensive Literature Review of Prevention of Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia in Older Adults. The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research. 2025;8(1)