In Asia, the pressing need for corneal transplant surgery affects over a million patients, a substantial portion of whom are children and young adults eagerly awaiting the gift of restored sight. However, Indias annual supply of eyeballs for transplantation is a mere 50,000, creating a stark contrast between the demand and available resources. The daunting reality reveals that for every precious eyeball used to grant vision, more than 100 patients are patiently waiting for the same transformative opportunity.

It is crucial to comprehend that the entire eye is not utilized for transplant; instead, the delicate, transparent layer at the front of the iris, known as the cornea, is employed. This transplantation aims to replace diseased or opaque corneas, thereby offering a chance at renewed vision for those in need. The human cornea, unique in its lack of blood supply, boasts a shallow risk of rejection. Even when rejection occurs, timely medication can effectively suppress it. The overall success rate of corneal transplants surpasses 80%, marking it as a promising and life-changing medical intervention.

With advancements in medical science, corneal transplants have evolved into lamellar keratoplasty. This surgical technique, employed in ophthalmology, addresses various corneal conditions by transplanting only specific layers of the cornea—either the anterior or posterior layers—based on the nature of the condition. Lamellar keratoplasty offers a targeted approach, replacing damaged or diseased corneal tissue while preserving healthy portions. 

However, it is paramount to recognize that corneal transplant is effective only when the loss of sight is solely attributed to corneal defects and the remainder of the eye mechanism remains intact. This focused approach means that only the damaged part of the cornea is transplanted, making each donated cornea capable of restoring sight to two blind patients. When donated corneas are deemed unsuitable for transplantation, they find purpose in advancing research and contributing to training programs. 

The eye donation process involves meticulous steps, starting with removing eyes within six hours after death. In regions with hot climates, such as many parts of India, a shorter duration, preferably two to four hours after death, is advised. Trained personnel from eye banks travel to the donor's location to perform the delicate procedure. These eye banks serve as the vital link between donors and recipients/eye surgeons, recognized by the government for their role in collecting and distributing human eyes for corneal transplants.

Despite the intricate nature of the donation process, it is efficiently completed within approximately 30 minutes. After enucleation, the eyelids are gently closed, and in most cases, the absence of eyeballs is imperceptible. Additionally, a few drops of blood are collected from the veins or heart for essential testing, ensuring the safety and suitability of the donated eyes for transplantation.

Eye donations are inclusive and open to individuals of any age, with varying spectacle powers, and even those with a history of eye operations such as cataracts, glaucoma, or retinal surgery. Donors may have medical comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, or heart problems, and their cause of death may range from vehicular accidents and strokes to suicides or cancer. Exclusion criteria for eyeball donation encompass patients suffering from rabies, septicemia, HIV/AIDS, blood-borne cancers, or instances where relatives refuse donation.