A new study published in Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. (Chinese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology) aimed to understand the characteristics of vaginal cervical microbiota in high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infected women and to ascertain the relationship between hrHPV infection and vaginal cervical microbiota. This was a randomized trial wherein women were recruited from a University Hospital between September and October of 2017. Participants included 5 subjects as controls, 5 cases of HPV16/18, 5 cases of other hrHPV infection and 3 cases of cervical squamous carcinoma. The participants were instructed to fill a questionnaire; cervical and vaginal discharges were collected for microscopic examination and genetic sequencing. The results revealed 6 major phylum in the vaginal microbiota – Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, Actinobacteria, Tenericutes and Proteobacteria. Firmicutes formed the majority among normal vaginal flora. Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria were more surplus in hrHPV infected individuals while Fusobacteria showed significant difference in the cervical carcinoma group. It was noted that Lactobacillus formed a large part of the normal vaginal flora, while genus like Gardnerella, Prevotella, Atopobium, Megasphaera and Sneathia were higher in hrHPV infected subjects; whereas Sneathia exhibited significant difference in cervical carcinoma group. On the other hand, no significant difference was elicited in Alpha diversity of the four groups. Furthermore, cervical microbiota analysis disclosed that microbial diversity of the cervical microbiota was higher relative to the vaginal microbiota. Marked difference was observed in Alpha diversity of the four groups. Proteobacteria in the normal cervical flora was considerably higher than that in vagina. Moreover, Proteobacteria increased significantly in hrHPV infected cervical discharge. Meanwhile, Chlamydia increased significantly in cervical carcinoma group. Hence, the results indicated that the diversity of cervical microbiota is higher than that of vaginal microbiota. Change in cervical microbiota is more obvious than that of vagina in hrHPV infected subjects; Proteobacteria might relate to hrHPV infection. Fusobacteria-Sneathia and Chlamydia significantly increase in patients with cervical carcinoma.