A new study published in Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology evaluated the usefulness of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) inflammatory response in women with non-gonococcal lower genital tract infection (LGTI) to optimize criteria for syndromic treatment. This was a cross-sectional study which enrolled 375 women. Urethral, cervical, and vaginal specimens from these women were sent for microscopy of PMNLs. Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) and other STIs were detected in the cervical/vaginal swabs and urine, using nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT). Vulvovaginal candidiasis, genital herpes, and trichomoniasis, were excluded; finally, clinical and microscopic signs of inflammation were correlated with positive NAAT for Ct, Mycoplasma genitalium (Mg), and Ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu) in 293 women. The results showed that the combination of high cut-off urethritis (≥10 PMNLs/HPF) and microscopic cervicitis had a high specificity to predict a positive Ct of 0.93, a PPV of 0.37, and a sensitivity of 0.35. Moreover, LGTI criteria had low predicting values for Mg and Uu. From the findings, it was inferred that including microscopic criteria for the diagnosis of LGTI provides better indication for selection of an antibiotic treatment as compared to anamnestic and clinical diagnosis alone.